Empirical Evidence for Vacuum Impedance Scaling in Planetary Flybys

Unexplained asymptotic velocity shifts in Earth flybys indicate a discrepancy in standard orbital mechanics. This study isolates a rotation-dependent vacuum coupling term, derived from the regression of telemetry data from NEAR, Juno, and Galileo missions. Unlike previous models relying on thermal or atmospheric dragging, this formulation depends linearly on the planetary angular momentum surface density. The derived scaling law correctly predicts null results for circular orbits and suggests non-negligible perturbations for Jovian encounters. Declaration: Large Language Models (LLMs) were used for language editing and LaTeX formatting of this manuscript. The scientific hypotheses, data analysis, and conclusions remain the sole responsibility of the author.