Evaluation and Selection of Defense Solutions for Small, Low-Altitude UAVs

The rapid development and widespread deployment of small, low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have provided significant benefits in both civilian and military applications, while simultaneously posing serious challenges to airspace security and safety. The increasing misuse of UAVs for unauthorized intrusion, reconnaissance, or disruption in sensitive areas has driven the need for effective counter-UAV solutions. This paper presents an overview and comparative analysis of existing countermeasures for small, low-altitude UAVs, including surveillance and detection, electronic jamming and control takeover, high-energy neutralization, and physical defense methods. Based on a systematic comparison of technical, economic, operational, and safety-related criteria, the advantages of physical defense - particularly net-based UAV capture are clearly identified. The results demonstrate that physical defense methods provide a safe, cost-effective, and non-lethal solution, especially suitable for training, operational exercises, and the protection of sensitive targets under real-world constraints