Charged Lepton Masses from Integer Toroidal Mode Numbers

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Authors: Baker, Steve
Cited by: 0

Abstract

We report a striking empirical relationship between charged lepton masses and products of integer pairs. The electron, muon, and tau masses satisfy m = me × p × q where (p, q) are coprime integers: (1,1) for the electron, (13, 16) for the muon, and (57,61) for the tau. This formula reproduces the tau mass to 0.007% accuracy using only integer arithmetic. The mode numbers exhibit systematic patterns: the differences |p − q| follow the sequence {0, 3, 4}, and the pairs satisfy a linear recurrence relation that yields valid integer solutions for exactly three generations. The Koide formula Q = 2/3 is satisfied to 0.001%. We present the numerical evidence and discuss possible geometric interpretations in terms of toroidal topology.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies Relativity and Gravitational Theory

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
13 January 2026
Document type
Preprint