A Cross-Sector Framework for Understanding and Managing the Cumulative Effects of Anthropogenic Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) in the Marine Environment

Rapid expansion of offshore renewable energy infrastructure has led to a concomitant increase in anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in marine environments. Although many marine taxa detect and respond to natural geomagnetic and electric cues, the ecological significance of exposure to anthropogenic EMFs remains poorly resolved. A multi-sector Working Group convened by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) identified critical knowledge gaps, barriers to data access, and opportunities for coordinated scientific and governance action. This paper synthesises those discussions and outlines a proposed framework for evidence generation, monitoring, and regulatory reform to support responsible offshore energy development.