Neuropharmacology in the Era of Digital Psychiatry: Targeting Glutamatergic Imbalance, Neuro-Inflammation, and Digital Endpoints

Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders represent a major global health burden and are characterized by complex, overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms involving neurotransmitter imbalance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired synaptic plasticity. Traditional neuropharmacological approaches have largely focused on monoaminergic systems; however, these strategies often provide incomplete symptom control and fail to address treatment resistance and disease heterogeneity. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of glutamatergic dysregulation and chronic neuroinflammation as core mechanisms underlying disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease. Concurrently, the rapid evolution of digital psychiatry incorporating wearable sensors, smartphone-based monitoring, artificial intelligence, and digital phenotyping has transformed the way neuropsychiatric conditions are assessed and managed.This review examines the convergence of neuropharmacology and digital psychiatry, emphasizing glutamatergic imbalance and neuroinflammatory pathways as key therapeutic targets. It discusses novel pharmacological strategies, including NMDA receptor modulators, metabotropic glutamate receptor agents, and immunomodulatory therapies aimed at microglial regulation. Additionally, the review highlights the growing importance of digital endpoints and biomarkers in neuropharmacological research, which enable continuous, objective, and real-world assessment of treatment response and disease progression. By integrating molecular, immunological, and digital data streams, precision neuropharmacology offers the potential for individualized, adaptive treatment strategies. Overall, this review underscores how the integration of digital health technologies with advanced neuropharmacological approaches can bridge the gap between biological mechanisms and clinical outcomes. Such multimodal integration is poised to redefine diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic optimization in modern psychiatry, paving the way toward personalized and data-driven mental healthcare.