FROM MUTRAKRICHHRA TO UTI: A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF DISEASE UNDERSTANDING ACROSS ERAS

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases affecting humans across all age groups and sexes. The understanding of UTI has evolved significantly from ancient times to the modern era, reflecting advances in medical knowledge, diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches. Historical descriptions of urinary disorders can be traced back to ancient civilisations, including Egyptian papyri, Greek and Roman medical texts and traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda and in all Vedic Kala, Purana Kala and Samhitha Kala, where conditions resembling UTI were described based on symptomatology such as dysuria, frequency and turbidity of urine. In Ayurveda, disorders like Mutrakrichhra and Mutraghata were elaborately explained with emphasis on Dosha involvement, etiological factors and holistic management. The medieval period witnessed limited progress due to a lack of microbiological understanding. However, the Renaissance and post 19th century era marked a turning point with the discovery of microorganisms, the development of microscopy, and the identification of causative pathogens such as E.coli. The advent of antibiotics revolutionised UTI management in the 20th century, though rising antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global concern. This historical overview highlights the progressive evolution in the conceptualisation and management of UTI, emphasizing the need to integrate traditional knowledge with modern scientific advancements for effective and sustainable care.