Separation And Characterization of Active Phytoconstituents (Phenols, Carbonyls, Alkenes, And Carboxylic Acid) Of Extracts of Ziziphus Nummularia Leaves and Fruits by Maceration Process and Hot Continuous Extraction Method by Soxhlet Apparatus with Proton NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy

Diabetes mellitus is a complex set of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism 1 resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both 2. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Type-2 Diabetes mellitus by increasing insulin resistance or impairing insulin secretion 3.Elevated extra and intra cellular glucose concentrations results in oxidative stress 4 which was reported both in animals in experiment and in diabetic patients 5. The source of oxidative stress is a cascade of ROS leaking from the mitochondria. This process has been associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes (Type-1DM) via the apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells, and the onset of type 2 diabetes (Type-2DM) via insulin resistance 6.A possible benefit of vegetables and fruits is from their antioxidant components and thus a contribution to reduction of systemic oxidative stress 7. Vegetables and fruits have been shown to contain high concentrations of antioxidants, which might reduce the risk of diabetes especially Type-2 DM. In NMR spectrum signals are proportional to their molar concentration making the direct comparison of concentration of all compounds possible without the need of calibration curve of each individual compound. It reflects the real molecular levels of metabolites present in the plant.