GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS IN INDIA: POLITICS, PUBLIC PERCEPTION, ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH

Genetically modified (GM) crops represent a significant scientific innovation aimed at addressing key agricultural challenges such as pest infestation, low productivity, nutritional deficiencies, and climate stress. In India, however, the adoption of GM crops has emerged as a highly contested issue that extends far beyond scientific risk assessment. This paper critically examines the multifaceted dimensions of GM crops in India by integrating political, social, environmental, and health perspectives. It analyzes how public perception, civil society activism, media narratives, and federal political dynamics interact with regulatory processes to shape policy outcomes. Through case studies of Bt cotton, Bt brinjal, and GM mustard, the study highlights the complex decision-making framework where scientific approvals are often mediated or overridden by political caution and public opposition. While GM crops offer potential environmental and health benefits, concerns related to biodiversity loss, seed sovereignty, corporate control, herbicide dependency, and long-term food safety continue to influence societal acceptance. The paper argues that the Indian experience underscores the need for transparent governance, independent long-term research, effective science communication, and participatory policy mechanisms. A balanced and inclusive approach is essential to ensure that GM crop technologies, if adopted, align with ecological sustainability, public trust, and social equity in India.