Authentication Message and Image for Digital Watermarking and Steganography Technique: A Survey

With the rapid growth of digital communication and multimedia sharing over open networks, ensuring the security, authenticity, and integrity of digital data has become a major concern. Digital watermarking and steganography are widely used techniques for protecting multimedia content by embedding authentication information into digital media such as images, audio, and video. Digital watermarking primarily focuses on copyright protection, ownership verification, and tamper detection, whereas steganography aims at concealing secret messages within digital content to achieve covert communication. This survey presents a comprehensive review of message and image authentication techniques using digital watermarking and steganography. Various spatial-domain and transform-domain approaches, including Least Significant Bit (LSB), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), are discussed and analyzed. The paper also reviews robustness, imperceptibility, and security aspects of existing methods, along with performance evaluation metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Bit Error Rate (BER). The survey aims to provide insights into current research trends, challenges, and future directions in secure multimedia authentication systems.