DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Persistent hyperglycemia brought on by decreased insulin secretion, action, or both is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease. Due to its associated morbidity, death, and financial cost, diabetes has become more common worldwide in recent decades, creating a serious public health concern. Type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other particular forms of diabetes mellitus are the general categories. Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disorders are among the microvascular and macrovascular problems brought on by persistent hyperglycemia. Glycemic monitoring, lifestyle changes, and pharmaceutical treatments like insulin and oral antidiabetic medications are the main components of management regimens.