Role of Green Buildings in Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Environmental Science Evidence

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has been exacerbated by rapid urbanization and climate change leading to higher temperatures in urban centers than in the adjacent countryside and a great deal of environmental, social, and communal health issues. This review is a critical analysis of green buildings as a successful and sustainable approach of countering UHI based on environmental science. The review is a synthesis of the empirical data that have been gathered in recent times by satellite-based and field-based studies in both mega cities and developing urban centers to determine the effect of green building interventions on urban thermal environments. Major mechanisms mentioned are the utilization of green rooftops and vertical greening systems, light-colored and cool building materials, plant-based shading, and passive design, such as natural ventilation and optimum building orientation. Results in the various climatic areas have shown that green buildings also help achieve quantifiable declines in land surface and near-surface air temperatures, especially in warmer seasons, as well as enhance thermal comfort and minimize cooling energy requirements in indoor environments. In addition to heat mitigation, green buildings have a variety of co-benefits, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing biodiversity in urban areas, improving air quality, and having positive effects on individual health. Nevertheless, the review also reveals the main constraints, including high initial expenses, maintenance needs, climatic dependence, and policy constraints, especially in the developing nations. This review provides insights into the importance of green buildings as climate-resilient solutions to the well-being of the environment by identifying current gaps in the body of research and the future directions, which include long-term monitoring, region-specific designs, and policy-supported implementation framework. In general, green buildings come out as a major element of sustainable urban development policies that need to be put in place to develop thermally comfortable, resilient, and environmentally sustainable cities. Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Green Building, Environmental Sustainability, Urban Climate, Passive cooling, Climate resilient City.