Torqued Substrate Theory — Thermodynamics (Expanded Module)

This expanded module presents the thermodynamic regime within Torqued Substrate Theory (TST) as a projection-level descriptive system governing irreversible constraint loss under recursion. Thermodynamics is treated as non-ontological bookkeeping within the observable domain ⟦O⟧, relying on ⟦Φ⟧ only as a formal analogue. The module does not modify or extend the TST spine. Standard thermodynamic relations (fundamental identity, Maxwell relations, thermodynamic potentials, heat and work, entropy, and heat capacity) are re-typed as projection-consistency and integrability conditions under bounded loss. Two appendices are included: (A) worked equivalence demonstrations showing how standard results arise within TST constraints, and (B) operational diagnostics for identifying regime validity and failure. This document is intended for readers already familiar with Torqued Substrate Theory and is not a general thermodynamics textbook.