Anatomical Defence Mechanisms of The Mammary Gland in Domestic Animal

The mammary gland of ruminants holds immense economic and biological significance, as it serves as the primary source of milk for a large segment of the global human population. Beyond milk production, this specialized organ plays a vital role in neonatal survival by supplying passive immunity through colostrum and milk, and by possessing intrinsic defense mechanisms that protect it from microbial invasion. However, the functional efficiency of the mammary gland is frequently compromised by mastitis, one of the most prevalent and economically devastating diseases affecting dairy animals. Mastitis is a multifactorial and complex condition that not only reduces milk yield and quality but also deprives society of milk, often regarded as “liquid gold” for its nutritional value.