Rabies in Ancient Civilizations

Rabies is one of the oldest infectious diseases known to humankind. Archaeological evidence such as the Zhokhov dog, dated to approximately 9,500–19,000 years ago suggests that humans may have recognized abnormal and aggressive behavior in infected dogs long before the emergence of formal medical knowledge, more than 10,000 years ago. Later, Greek and Roman civilizations became the first to systematically record the symptoms and characteristics of the disease. The Greek concept of Lyssa and Celsus’ De Medicina in the Roman world represent some of the most significant medical contributions to the understanding of rabies in antiquity. In modern times, Thailand has strengthened rabies-control measures beginning in 2026 (B.E. 2569), including mandatory registration and microchipping of dogs and cats to verify identity, monitor vaccination history and support the national goal of eliminating rabies by 2030 (B.E. 2573). This article links the historical dimensions of rabies in ancient civilizations with contemporary public-health frameworks, demonstrating the continuity of human efforts to understand and control this deadly disease over many millennia.