Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence: A Philosophical Perspective

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into society presents profound ethical challenges. This review synthesizes the philosophical perspective on these challenges, focusing on the core principles of fairness, transparency, non-maleficence, and accountability. It highlights the scientific and practical significance of moving beyond abstract guidelines to address inherent technical and conceptual trade-offs. The methodology involves a qualitative synthesis of key academic and institutional literature, mapping the central debates and proposed governance frameworks. The analysis reveals a global consensus on high-level principles but significant divergence in their interpretation and implementation. Key findings include the mathematical trade-offs in fairness, the legal ambiguity of "explicability," and the emerging focus on catastrophic risk and artificial moral agency. The study contributes to the field by structuring the complex debate, identifying the critical shift from principles to practice, and highlighting tensions that current guidelines fail to resolve. The results underscore the practical need for robust governance mechanisms, such as the risk-based approach of the EU AI Act, and concrete documentation tools like Model Cards and Datasheets.