Review on Challenges and Innovations in Oral Insulin Administration

Diabetes presents as a persistent metabolic condition characterized by insufficient insulin levels in the body, resulting in the inability to regulate blood sugar effectively. Patients with diabetes typically rely on frequent insulin injections to manage their blood glucose levels within the normal range. Unfortunately, this method of administration is often uncomfortable for individuals. Individuals with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and all those with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) require insulin to maintain optimal blood sugar levels. The primary approach to deliver insulin is through subcutaneous injections. Various options exist for subcutaneous insulin delivery, including traditional vials and syringes, convenient insulin pens, and modern insulin pumps. Previously, inhaled insulin offered a non-invasive alternative, but it has since been removed from the market. In order to improve the adaptability of patients to use insulin and reduce the pain caused by injection, the development of oral insulin formulations is currently a topic.