The Proton as a Multi-Toroidal Knot with Octahedral Core Structure.
Abstract
We prove that any stable configuration of three electromagnetic toroidal surfaces in a structured vacuum must form a complex multi-knot containing six contact zones arranged around a central octahedral node. Contrary to the simplified trefoil model, the actual proton topology is not a simple (3,2) knot but a higher-order structure where SU(3) emerges from the composition of six local SU(2) contact symmetries. The proton mass is derived from the energy of the central node, not surface curvature, resolving previous inconsistencies. This geometric model naturally explains confinement, the mass gap, and predicts observable deviations from Standard Model form factors.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Advanced Mathematical Theories and Applications
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 19 January 2026