Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Spectrum, Diagnostics, and Long-Term Management

Pituitary dwarfism, also known as growth hormone deficiency (GHD), is a disorder of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis characterized by insufficient secretion of growth hormone (GH), leading to impaired linear growth and short stature in children. The condition may be congenital or acquired and can occur as an isolated hormonal deficiency or as part of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD). This article provides a structured, research-oriented review of pituitary dwarfism, focusing on etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, and modern treatment strategies. Emphasis is placed on early recognition, biochemical confirmation, neuroimaging, and recombinant human growth hormone therapy, which significantly improves growth outcomes and quality of life.