Equine endometritis: An Update

Endometritis is a major cause of infertility in mares and one of the most frequently encountered reproductive disorders in equine practice. It is characterized by inflammation of the endometrium and may be acute or chronic, infectious or noninfectious. Intrauterine inflammatory mediators, debris, and microorganisms compromise embryo survival and may induce premature luteolysis through prostaglandin F2α release, leading to early embryonic loss. Approximately 10–20% of mares are affected or predisposed to endometritis. The condition is classified as sexually transmitted, persistent mating-induced, chronic infectious, or chronic degenerative endometritis. Advanced age, poor perineal conformation, abnormal uterine position, and reduced endometrial quality increase susceptibility. Diagnosis relies on ultrasonography, cytology, bacteriological culture, and histopathology. Management includes uterine lavage, culture-guided antimicrobial therapy, ecbolic agents, immunomodulation, and adjunctive biological treatments. Rising antimicrobial resistance emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies