Galeropsidaceae Singer

Galeropsidaceae Singer, Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 10: 61 (1962) Type. Galeropsis Velen. 1930 [current name: Panaeolus (Fr.) Quél.] Description. Basidiomes small- to medium-sized, agaricoid or sequestrate. Spore print black. Pileus ovoid, parabolic, conic, campanulate, rarely convex and plane; white, grey, black, brown, rarely orange; dry, viscid, or glutinous, hygrophanous, with hygrophanous spots, and streaks, or non- hygrophanous. Lamellae crowded to subdistant, adnate, gray to black, variegated. Stipe equal, smooth, glabrous, pruinose, annulus membranous, rarely remaining still mature. Basidiospores brown, limoniform, ellipsoid to elongate, germ pore distinctive, smooth, punctate, verrucose. Cystidia abundant, this include caulocystidia, cheilocystidia, pleurocystidia and pileocystidia. Habitat. Grows in fertile areas, including pastures, grasslands, forests, and on dung of herbivores. Genera included. Panaeolus, Staktophyllus. Notes. The panaeo-clade was revealed to be monophyletic in previous studies (Moncalvo 2002; Walther 2005; Matheny et al. 2006) and is also supported as monophyletic in this study. With extended sampling, our study further supports ranking the panaeo-clade as a distinct family within Agaricineae based on the following evidence: first, it is monophyletic and occupies a phylogenetic position sister to Bolbitiaceae within Agaricineae (see Figs 1, 2); second, it diverged at 87 Myr, which is relatively similar to divergence times of other families in Agaricineae; third, it differs from other families in Agaricineae in a combination of morphological characteristics, including a saprotrophic lifestyle, black spore print, variegated lamellae, and dark brown basidiospores with a distinctive germ pore and a relatively thick wall. According to Art. 11.5, priority of equally published names is established by the first effectively published choice; therefore, the panaeo-clade should be named Galeropsidaceae rather than Panaeolaceae (Kalichman et al. 2020). Currently, Galeropsidaceae contains two genera, Panaeolus and Staktophyllus.