Panaeolus (Panaeolina) Bon & Courtec.

Panaeolus subg. Panaeolina (Maire) Bon & Courtec., Doc. Mycol. 32 (127–128): 77 (2003) Type species. Panaeolus foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schröt. Description. The same as Galeropsidaceae. Notes. Species of subg. Panaeolina are clustered in clade A, which is a well-supported clade with nearly full statistical support (SH-aLRT / UFBoot / PP = 100 / 91 / 1.0). Based on the phylogenetic results, a broader circumscription of subg. Panaeolina is proposed. It includes three subclades, namely subclade A 1, comprising most species from China; subclade A 2, with the type species P. foenisecii, which represents the core clade of subg. Panaeolina; and subclade A 3, including Anellaria - like species. In the sense of Panaeolus s. s., Panaeolina has been treated as a distinct genus. The off-black spore print has been used to separate Panaeolina from other genera (Singer 1986; Gerhardt 1996). However, determining a paler spore print is relatively difficult and subjective, especially in the field. Verrucose basidiospores have been considered a key character of Panaeolina; however, at present, only the type species, P. foenisecii, has been observed to possess verrucose basidiospores, whereas all other species form smooth basidiospores. Species included. P. acuminatus (P. Kumm.) Quél., P. antillarum (Fr.) Dennis, Kew Bull., P. cinctulus (Bolton) Sacc., P. fimicola (Pers.) Gillet, P. foenisecii, P. fraxinophilus A. H. Sm., P. grandis M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao, P. limoniformisporus M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao, P. medogensis M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao, P. nigrescens M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao, P. nirimbii (Watling & A. M. Young) Voto, P. pallidus M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao, P. paludosus Cleland, P. plantaginiformis (Lebedeva) E. F. Malysheva, P. semiovatus, P. subfoenisecii M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao, P. uliginosus Jul. Schäff., P. variabilicolor M. Q. He & R. L. Zhao.