Diseases of Adrenal Glands in Children

Diseases of the adrenal glands in children are uncommon but clinically significant due to their potential to cause life-threatening metabolic and hormonal disturbances. The adrenal glands play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis through the secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and catecholamines. Pediatric adrenal disorders include acute and chronic adrenal insufficiency, adrenocortical tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Early diagnosis is often challenging because symptoms are nonspecific and may overlap with other pediatric illnesses. This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and management of major adrenal gland diseases in children, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and timely treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality.