Effect of pH, Temperature, and Concentration on Enzyme Activity: A Comprehensive Review

Enzymes are biological catalyst they catalyze biochemical reactions under mild physiological conditions. There are some environmental and chemical factors which affect the activity and effectiveness of enzymes. In this review we tried to examine and explain how each of these parameters affects enzyme kinetics, conformational stability, and catalytic performance. With the help of this review, we also tried to explain and discuss the importance of these variables in the field of natural product and industrial applications which include pharmaceutical development, food technology, and biotechnology. A detailed understanding of these factors can enhance enzyme design, improve process efficiency, and expand enzyme use in non-natural conditions.