A Triangular Multi-Environment Vehicle with Integrated Air–Water Propulsion and Electromagnetic Stability Control: Conceptual Design and Performance Analysis of vehicle and vehicle is realistically capable of road operation, atmospheric flight, and surface water navigation and limited shallow-water submersion

The proposed triangular multi-environment vehicle is realistically capable of road operation, atmospheric flight, and surface water navigation using current electric propulsion and structural technologies. Limited shallow-water submersion is technically feasible as an optional capability, while deep-ocean diving would require a fundamentally different pressure-vessel design and is outside the optimal scope of this platform.Multi-environment vehicles capable of sustained operation across atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic domains represent an emerging class of platforms with strategic relevance for disaster response, environmental monitoring, and logistics in infrastructure-constrained regions. This study develops a quantitatively grounded conceptual design of a triangular-planform multi-environment vehicle integrating distributed air–water propulsion, aerodynamically efficient lifting surfaces, and hybrid mechanical–electromagnetic stability augmentation. The vehicle geometry adopts a swept isosceles triangular configuration (sweep angle Λ = 45°–60°), selected through aerodynamic scaling laws and structural efficiency criteria to optimize lift-to-drag ratio (L/D), torsional stiffness, and internal volumetric utilization for energy storage and propulsion packaging. Aerodynamic performance is estimated using lifting-surface theory and momentum-disk approximations, yielding projected cruise L/D values of 9–13 in low-subsonic atmospheric operation for Reynolds numbers Re ≈ 10⁶–10⁷, comparable to compact blended-wing configurations of similar scale. Propulsion is modeled using classical actuator-disk and jet-momentum formulations. Distributed ducted-fan propulsion in air achieves predicted thrust-to-power densities of 40–85 N·kW⁻¹, while water-jet propulsion in aquatic mode yields 70–120 N·kW⁻¹ under nominal flow conditions (jet velocities 12–25 m·s⁻¹). Combined propulsion efficiency, including electrical conversion and motor losses, is estimated at 62–74% for air mode and 68–80% for water mode using contemporary permanent-magnet motor and inverter performance envelopes. Static and dynamic stability margins are evaluated using aerodynamic-center/center-of-gravity separation, linearized pitch-yaw stability derivatives, and simplified rigid-body dynamics. In addition, an auxiliary electromagnetic stabilization subsystem is theoretically assessed using magnetic dipole–field interaction torque, τ=m×B, where achievable corrective moments of 0.1–2.5 N·m are predicted for compact coil systems (magnetic moments 0.5–3 A·m² in ambient fields 30–60 μT). Although insufficient as a primary control mechanism, this subsystem demonstrates potential as a low-mass secondary stabilizer for high-frequency gust and micro-disturbance rejection. Beyond mobility, the platform integrates two environmental engineering modules. A deployable river-wave energy dissipation array based on linear wave-attenuation and porous-media resistance theory is shown to reduce near-bank hydrodynamic energy flux by 50–80% for shallow-water wave heights of 0.15–0.45 m, corresponding to a proportional reduction in boundary shear stress and sediment entrainment potential. A compact climate absorber–converter system is also formulated, combining solid-sorbent CO₂ capture (theoretical uptake 1.5–3.2 mmol·g⁻¹), high-efficiency particulate filtration (>99.95% for PM₂.₅), passive–active thermal exchange (300–600 W·m⁻² equivalent heat-flux regulation), and Helmholtz-resonator-based acoustic attenuation (10–25 dB reduction within 200–1000 Hz). The resulting framework establishes governing equations, dimensionless scaling relations, and preliminary performance envelopes for aerodynamic lift, propulsive efficiency, stability margins, environmental energy dissipation, and atmospheric remediation. While no experimental prototype is yet realized, the analysis demonstrates that the integrated architecture remains within feasible limits of current materials, electric propulsion systems, and energy-storage technologies. The proposed design methodology provides a multidisciplinary foundation for computational fluid-dynamics validation, structural optimization, and phased experimental development of next-generation multi-environment vehicles with embedded environmental mitigation capability. Please check the attachment for details