The Role of Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Containing Systems in Metabolic Regulation and Maintenance of Homeostasis

This study analyzes the role of hydrogen, molecular hydrogen (H₂), and hydrogen-containing systems in metabolic regulation, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. Hydrogen acts both as a structural component of biomolecules and as a selective redox regulator. Functional forms of hydrogen—protons, covalently bound hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, and molecular hydrogen—are discussed in relation to energy metabolism and adaptive responses. The concept of a “hydrogen-mediated adaptive reserve” and the role of intestinal microbiota and exogenous hydrogen supplementation are highlighted. Findings support hydrogen’s potential as a key factor in maintaining physiological balance under increased functional load. Keywords: hydrogen, hydrogen-containing systems, redox homeostasis, mitochondria, molecular hydrogen, physical exercise, hydrogen-mediated adaptive reserve