Modeling Reality under Constraint

This review examines the fundamental limits of prediction and modeling in contemporary physics, focusing on constraints arising from nonlinear dynamics, quantum uncertainty, thermodynamic irreversibility, and computational complexity. Drawing on recent literature, the paper argues that these limits do not represent failures of scientific modeling, but rather define the epistemic boundaries within which physics generates reliable knowledge. The review contributes to ongoing discussions on the responsible use of simulation and models in research and policy contexts.