Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn: Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, and Therapeutic Potential

Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., commonly known as roselle, is a widely cultivated medicinal and edible plant belonging to the family Malvaceae. Traditionally, it has been used across tropical and subtropical regions for the management of hypertension, liver disorders, fever, inflammation, microbial infections, and metabolic ailments. The plant is primarily valued for its red calyces, which are rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, and vitamins. These phytochemicals contribute to its potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, providing protection against oxidative stress-related disorders. Extensive pharmacological studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, have demonstrated that H. sabdariffa exhibits antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties. The combination of its nutritional value, safety profile, and broad-spectrum therapeutic effects has prompted increasing interest in its potential application as a functional food, nutraceutical, and source for drug development. This review comprehensively summarizes the botanical features, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and recent research advances related to H. sabdariffa, highlighting its role as a promising natural therapeutic agent. Further studies are needed to explore its molecular mechanisms, bioavailability, standardized dosage, and long-term safety for potential clinical applications.