Thermal–Temporal Dynamics Investigating S2 Star Velocity Residuals and Irreversibility within the TSU Framework

This paper explores the dynamical consequences of the Thermal Space-Time Unification (TSU) framework under non-equilibrium thermal conditions. By examining the interplay between thermal gradients and temporal flow, we investigate a potential mechanism to account for the observed velocity residuals of the S2 star (approximately 3–4 km/s) near the Galactic Center. Furthermore, we explore the emergence of time irreversibility through a microscopic thermal-temporal link, suggesting that the "Arrow of Time" may be rooted in foundational dynamical constraints in the perturbative regime rather than purely statistical considerations. Finally, we provide a testable prediction regarding Mercury’s orbital precession (approximately 0.06 arcsec/century) as an independent observational probe. Series Note: This work represents Paper V in the TSU research program, building directly upon the dynamical foundations established in Paper IV. It bridges the gap between microscopic quantum-thermal relations and macroscopic astrophysical observations.