ANALYSIS OF KEY SCHOLARS' VIEWPOINTS ON ONTOLOGICAL SUPRANATIONALITY PARADOX OF UNIVERSAL INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS

This article examines whether a universal international organisation that can sustain peace and justice is possible in actuality. It discusses the issue under Ontological Supranationality Paradox (OSP) through viewpoints of key IR thinkers. It argues that effectiveness requires supranational authority, however this authority will undermine the international and universal character of IOs. As a result, universal international organisations face structural limits that cannot be resolved through only reforming or improving cooperation.