Garcinia oliveri Pierre

Garcinia oliveri Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (4): 28, t. 64. 1882. Figs 5, 6 = Garcinia delpyana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): 28, t. 65. 1883; Vesque, Epharmosis 2: 22. t. 125, 126. 1889 et in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 451. 1893; Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (6): 237. 1893; Pit. in Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (4): 310. 1910; P. H. Hô, Câyco Vietnam 1: 562. fig. 1552. 1991. Type. [Vietnam], Cresit in insula Phú Qu ốc sinus Siamici [Phú Qu ốc Island], 23 Jan 1874, J. B. L. Pierre 3625 (lectotype: designated here, P! [P 04701469]; isolectotypes: P! [P 04701467, P 04701468] and L digital image! [U.1208206]), syn. nov. = Garcinia curtisii Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 1: 175. 1922. = Garcinia bancana Miq. var. curtisii (Ridl.) Whitmore, Gard. Bull. Singapore 26 (2): 276. 1973. Type. Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, from Waterfall, Mar 1892, C. Curtis 691 (lectotype: first-step designated by Whitmore (1973), without indication of herbarium and barcode; second-step designated here, SING! [SING 0069255]; isolectotypes: K! [K 000939065], SING! [SING 0069254]), syn. nov. Type. [Vietnam], in sylvis densis ad flumen Bé prope pagum Tri Huy ện in Biên Hòa prov. Biên Hòa Gallicae austro Cochinchinae [in dense forests by the Be River near the village of Tri Huyen in Bien Hoa Province of southern Cochinchina], Apr 1873, J. B. L. Pierre 1373 (lectotype: designated here, P! [P 04701853]; isolectotypes: BM digital image! [BM 001191361], K! [K 000677695], L digital images! [L 2417119], P! [P 04701837, P 04701842, P 04701852]). Description. Evergreen trees, dioecious, 5–20 (– 25) m tall, 30–130 cm GBH; exudate pale yellow and sticky; branches decussate, horizontal, or nearly horizontal; branchlets green, 4 - angular, glabrous. Bark brown or dark brown, scaly; inner bark pinkish pale yellow. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Leaves decussate; lamina elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 12–25 × (4 –) 5.5–9 cm, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, margin entire or repand, subcoriaceous, dark green above, paler below, glabrous and glossy on both surfaces, midrib slightly raised (proximal part) and flattened (distal part) above, raised below, secondary veins 10–15 pairs, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, slightly raised below, with intersecondary veins, veinlets reticulate, visible above, interrupted long wavy lines present, of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex; petiole green, sometimes with the uppermost pair red or greenish red, turning green with age, 1.5–2.5 cm long, 0.3–1 cm diam., slightly raised above, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet; fresh leaves brittle when crushed; young leaves red or brownish red, turning pale green, glossy. Inflorescences terminal or borne on short, leafless lateral branchlets, in fascicles of 3–9 - flowered cymes (staminate inflorescence usually bearing more flowers than pistillate ones), or sometimes a solitary flower (in pistillates); bracts early caducous. Flowers unisexual, 4 - merous; pedicel greenish yellow to yellow, glabrous; bracteoles early caducous; sepals and petals decussate, glabrous, slightly thick, and fleshy; sepals yellow to orangish yellow, concave; petals pale yellow to yellow, not concave. Flower buds pale green, becoming greenish yellow, yellow to orangish yellow before anthesis, subglobose or globose, 3–6 mm diam. Staminate flowers 1–1.2 cm diam.; pedicel 4–7 mm long, 1.5–3.5 mm diam.; sepals 4, broadly elliptic or suborbicular, 5–8 × 4.5–8 mm, the outer pair slightly larger than the inner pair, apex rounded; petals 4, broadly oblong, broadly elliptic, or elliptic, 0.9–1.3 × 0.7–1.3 cm, subequal, apex rounded; stamens numerous, united into a single central 4 - sided or weakly 4 - lobed bundle surrounding a pistillode or without a pistillode, bundle 5–7 mm diam; filaments very short; anthers small, 4 - thecous, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode fungiform, 2–3.5 mm long. Pistillate flowers 0.8–1.3 cm diam.; pedicel 3–4.5 mm long, 2.5–4 mm diam.; sepals and petals same as in staminate flowers; staminodes 5–11, united into 4 bundles, surrounding the ovary; pistil fungiform, 4–6 mm long; ovary pale green, subglobose or globose, 5–7 × 5–7.5 mm; stigma pale yellow, convex, radiate, shallowly 6–10 - lobed, 4–5.5 mm diam., papillate. Fruits berries, green, turning yellow or orangish yellow when ripe, glabrous, cut fruits with a sticky yellow exudate, variable in shape, subglobose, globose, broadly ellipsoid, or sometimes broadly obovoid, 3.5–5 × 3–4.5 cm, sometimes oblique, asymmetrical, unlobed, sometimes weakly 6–10 - lobed, with a short, thick beak at the apex, pericarp fleshy, 2–4 mm thick; persistent stigma dark brown or brown, 5–6 mm diam., weakly 6–10 - lobed, papillate; persistent sepals slightly larger than in flowering material; fruiting stalk short and thick, 3–6.5 mm long, 3–6 mm diam. Seeds 6–10, sometimes aborted (1–5), dark brown mottled with paler irregular lines, semi-ellipsoid, 1.4–2.7 × 0.9–1.3 cm, rounded at both ends, with a yellow to orangish yellow fleshy pulp. Distribution. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Kelantan, Kepong) (Fig. 4 B). Distribution in Thailand. North-Eastern: Loei, Buengkan; Eastern: Nakhon Ratchasima, Ubon Ratchathani; Central: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok; South-Eastern: Chanthaburi, Trat; Peninsular: Surat Thani, Phangnga, Phuket, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Trang, Satun, Songkhla, Narathiwat (Fig. 4 B). Habitat and ecology. It is found in dry evergreen forests, tropical lowland evergreen rain forests, peat swamp forests, and secondary forests, occasionally occurring along streams at elevations ranging from near sea level to 800 m a. m. s. l. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting occur more than once, nearly throughout the year; flowering peaks from December to April, and fruiting peaks from April to August. Conservation status. Garcinia oliveri is widely distributed from Indo-China to Peninsular Malaysia. It is known from many localities and has a large EOO of 1,086,628.84 km 2 and an AOO of 196 km 2. In Thailand, this species has an EOO of 798,570.92 km 2 and an AOO of 128 km 2. Because of its wide distribution, the number of localities, and the absence of any apparent imminent threats to the plants or their habitats, we assess its conservation status here as LC, in agreement with de Kok (2024 a). Etymology. The specific epithet of Garcinia oliveri honors the British botanist Daniel Oliver (1830–1916), who served as assistant at the Kew Herbarium (1858–1864), later as its keeper (1860–1890), and was also a professor of botany at University College, London (1861–1888) (Stafleu and Cowan 1981). He contributed significantly to tropical botany. Vernacular names. Cha muang bai yai (ชะมวงใบใหญ ่) (suggested here); Cha muang chang (ชะมวงช ้ าง) (Trat, from the specimen K. Bunchuai 13); Muang (มวง) (Satun, from the specimen A. F. G. Kerr 14200); Som mong (ส ้ มโมง) (Saraburi, from the specimen A. F. G. Kerr 10005); U mong (อ ุ โมง) (Trat, from the specimen Put 563). Uses. It can be utilized in a similar way to Garcinia cowa var. cowa. Lectotypifications. Garcinia oliveri was described by Pierre (1882) based on seven gatherings: Herb. Pierre 2, 7720, 1373, 3624, 3626, and 3628, collected from various parts of Lower Cochinchina and Cambodia (“ Habite toutes les parties de la Basse-Cochinchine et du Cambodge ”), and Harmand 190, collected from Southern Laos (“ le Laos méridional ”). Pierre did not indicate a type, nor did he indicate the herbaria in which the specimens were deposited. Following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), all these specimens are therefore considered syntypes. However, detailed examination revealed that specimens J. B. L. Pierre 2, 1373, and 3628 differ in both their localities and dates of collection, but we did not find specimen J. B. L. Pierre 3624. The specimen J. B. L. Pierre 2 can be separated into four distinct groups: Group A: Collected from the Deon Ba Mountains in Tây Ninh Province, southern Cochinchina (“ Crescit montibus Deon Ba, prov. Tây Ninh austro Cochinchinae ”) on 15 April 1866. Specimen housed at: P [P 04701526]. Group B: Collected from the Dinh Mountains in Baria Province, southern Cochinchina (“ Crescit in montibus Dinh in prov. Baria Gallicae austro Cochinchinae ”) in June 1866. Specimens housed at: P [P 04701527, P 04701529, P 0470153]. Group C: Collected from the Dinh Mountains (Mu xoai) in Baria Province, southern Cochinchina (“ Oritur in montibus Dinh (Mú xoài) in prov. Baria Gallicae austro Cochinchinae ”) in September 1866. Specimen housed at: P [P 04701528]. Group D: Collected from the Dinh Mountains (Mu xoai) in Baria Province, southern Cochinchina (“ Oritur in montibus Dinh (Mú xoài) in prov. Baria Gallicae austro Cochinchinae ”) on 14 March 1867. Specimens housed at: K [K 000677694], P [P 04701862, P 04701865, P 04701866], and U [U 1199443]. Upon examination, the specimens cited as number “ 7720 ” in the original description correspond in all respects to the specimen labelled “ 772, ” and no distinct gathering corresponding to “ 7720 ” was located. We therefore interpret the citation of “ Herb. Pierre 7720 ” in the protologue as a transcription error and correct it to “ J. B. L. Pierre 772. ” The specimen J. B. L. Pierre 772, collected from the Schnal Mountains (“ in montibus Schnal ”), Cambodia, in May 1870, is housed at: K [without barcode]. The specimen J. B. L. Pierre 1373 can be separated into three distinct groups: Group A: Collected from the Dinh Mountains (Mu xoai) in Baria Province, southern Cochinchina (“ Oritur in montibus Dinh (Mú xoài) in prov. Baria Gallicae austro Cochinchinae ”) on 14 March 1867. Specimens housed at: BM [BM 001191363], K [without barcode], L [L 2417118], and P [P 04701849]. Group B: Collected in dense forests by t