Garcinia schomburgkiana Pierre

Garcinia schomburgkiana Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (5): 28, t. 82 A. 1883. Figs 7, 8, 9 Type. [Thailand], Siam, Espèce commune dans le delta du Menam [a common species in the Chao Phraya River, 1859, R. Schomburgk s. n. (in the original description may be a transcription error as “ Schomburgk 1151 ”) (lectotype: designated here, P! [P 04701350]; isolectotypes: K! [K 000677697, K 000677698]). Description. Small evergreen trees, monoecious or dioecious, 3–7 m tall, 30–80 cm GBH, much-branched, with spreading branches; exudate pale yellow to yellow and sticky; branchlets decussate; young branchlets green, 4 - angular, glabrous. Bark dark brown or dark grayish brown, smooth; inner bark pinkish red. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Leaves decussate; lamina elliptic, narrowly elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5–14 × 2.5–4 cm, apex acute or obtuse, base cuneate, margin entire, subcoriaceous, dark green above, paler below, glabrous and glossy on both surfaces, midrib slightly raised (proximal part) and flattened (distal part) above, raised below, secondary veins 8–11 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, slightly raised below, with intersecondary veins, veinlets reticulate, visible above, interrupted long wavy lines present, of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex; petiole green, 0.5–1.2 cm long, 1–3 mm diam., slightly raised above, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet; fresh leaves brittle when crushed; young leaves brownish red, turning pale green, glossy. Inflorescences terminal or borne on short, leafless lateral branchlets, usually fascicled, 2–3 (– 4) - flowered cymes in staminates or a solitary flower in both sexes; bracts 2, green, broadly ovate, 2–3.5 × 2–3 mm, apex acute. Flowers unisexual, 4 - merous; pedicel pale green, 1.5–3.5 mm long, 1.5–4 mm diam., thick, glabrous; bracteoles same as bracts; sepals and petals decussate, glabrous, slightly thick and fleshy; sepals pale green, concave; petals variable in color, pale yellow, yellow, pinkish yellow, yellowish pink, pink, pinkish red or red, slightly concave to concave or not concave. Flower buds subglobose, 3–4 mm diam.; young flower buds pale green; mature flower buds similar in color to open flowers. Staminate flowers with spreading petals, 1.7–2.7 cm diam.; sepals 4, broadly elliptic, elliptic or broadly ovate, 3–4.5 × 4–6 mm, the outer pair slightly larger than the inner pair, apex rounded; petals 4, variable in shape, broadly elliptic, elliptic, broadly oblong, obovate, oblanceolate or oblanceolate-obovate, 0.6–1.4 × (0.2 –) 0.4–0.8 cm, subequal, apex rounded; stamens numerous, united into a single central 4 - sided or weakly 4 - lobed bundle, bundle 4–6 mm diam; filaments very short; anthers small, 4 - thecous, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers with slightly spreading petals, 4–6 mm diam.; sepals and petals same as in staminate flowers; staminodes 12–15, united into 4 bundles, surrounding the ovary; pistil fungiform, 4–6 mm long; ovary pale green, subglobose or globose, 3–5 × 3.5–5 mm; stigma pale yellow, convex, radiate, shallowly 5–9 - lobed, 5–7 mm diam., papillate. Fruits berries, green or pale green, glabrous and glossy, cut fruits with a sticky pale yellow to yellow exudate, variable in shape, ovoid, broadly ovoid, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, sometimes obovoid, broadly obovoid, or subglobose, 4–9 × 2.5–5 cm, sometimes oblique, asymmetrical, unlobed, with a short, thick beak at the apex, pericarp fleshy, 5–7 mm thick; persistent stigma dark brown or blackish brown, 0.7–1.1 cm diam., weakly 5–9 - lobed, papillate; persistent sepals slightly larger than in flowering material; fruiting stalk short and thick, 5.5–7 mm long, 4–6 mm diam. Seeds 5–9, sometimes aborted (1–4), dark brown or brown, crescent-shaped and acuminate at both ends or semi-ellipsoid and rounded at both ends, 3–8 × 0.7–2 cm, with a white fleshy pulp. Distribution. Vietnam (reported by Hô 1991), Cambodia, Thailand (Fig. 4 C). Distribution in Thailand. Northern: Chiang Mai, Lampang (expected to be cultivated in the northern region); North-Eastern: Bueng Kan, Nakhon Phanom, Maha Sarakham; Eastern: Roi Et, Si Sa Ket, Ubon Ratchathani; Central: Ang Thong, Pathum Thani, Bangkok; Peninsular: Surat Thani, Songkhla, Narathiwat (expected to be cultivated in the peninsular region) (Fig. 4 C). It is cultivated throughout all floristic regions of Thailand. Habitat and ecology. This species occurs in lowland and swampy habitats, along riverbanks and streams, and in freshwater swamp forests, at elevations from near sea level up to 200 m a. m. s. l. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting more than once, nearly throughout the year. Conservation status. Garcinia schomburgkiana is distributed from Indo-China to Thailand. It occurs in many localities and has a large EOO of 869,739.19 km 2 and an AOO of 104 km 2. In Thailand, this species is naturally distributed in the northern, north-eastern, eastern, and central regions, with an EOO 693,237.84 km 2 and an AOO of 92 km 2. Therefore, we assess its conservation status here as LC, consistent with de Kok (2024 b). Etymology. The specific epithet of Garcinia schomburgkiana honors Robert Hermann Schomburgk (1804–1865), a German botanist and explorer, and the elder brother of Richard Schomburgk (1811–1891). He was active in Bangkok, Thailand from 1857 to 1864 (Stafleu and Cowan 1985). Vernacular names. Ka dan (กะด ั น) (Nakhon Phanom, from the specimen A. F. G. Kerr 8421); Ba dan (บะด ั น) (Chiang Mai, from the specimen T. Bjørnland & T. Schumacher 366); Ma dan (มะด ั น) (Bangkok, from the specimen A. F. G. Kerr s. n., A. F. G. Kerr 4335, A. F. G. Kerr 4335 A); Ma dan pa (มะด ั นป ่ า) (Maha Sarakham, from the specimen T. Smitinand 10441). Uses. Garcinia schomburgkiana is cultivated for its fruits and leaves, both of which have a sour taste. The raw fruits, known for their strong sour flavor, are often eaten as a side dish with chili paste or dipped in salt. They are also used as a souring agent in dishes, substituting for lime or tamarind in boiled fish, pork, or beef with ma dan, spicy ma dan salad, and chili paste. Young leaves are used in red curry with pork and ma dan leaves, as well as in smoky, spicy soup with ma dan leaves and fried fish. The fruits can also be pickled or preserved as candied fruit. The plant is also commonly grown as an ornamental (from the author’s observations). In Huai Thap Than District, Si Sa Ket Province, the durable wood of the ma dan tree is traditionally used to craft grilling clamps for preparing Thai-style charcoal-grilled chicken (from the author’s observations). Lectotypification. In the original publication of Garcinia schomburgkiana by Pierre (1883), two gatherings were cited: Schomburgk 1151, described as a common species in the Chao Phraya River (“ Espèce commune dans le delta du Menam ”), and Teysmann (Herb. L. Pierre 4150), noted as a species cultivated in the Bogor Botanical Gardens (“ Elle est cultivèe dans le Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg ”). Pierre did not indicate a type, nor did he specify the herbaria in which the specimens were housed. Following Art. 9.6 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), these specimens are considered syntypes. We located the specimens Schomburgk s. n., collected from Thailand (“ Siam ”) in 1859 at K [K 000677697, K 000677698] and P [P 04701350], and the Teysmann specimen (Herb. L. Pierre 4150) at P [P 04701349]. However, upon examination, the Schomburgk specimen appear to bear the number s. n. (sine numero), suggesting that the citation of “ Schomburgk 1151 ” in the original description may be a transcription error. Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre (1833–1905), a French botanist and director of the Saigon Botanical Garden from 1865 to 1877, conducted extensive botanical exploration in Cambodia, Cochinchina, and southern Thailand. Many Pierre’s plant collections were sent to Paris during his lifetime (Stafleu and Cowan 1983). Therefore, the Schomburgk s. n. specimen at P [P 04701350] is designated here as the lectotype of G. schomburgkiana. Although the Teysmann specimen (Herb. L. Pierre 4150) at P is more complete, the Schomburgk specimen was selected for both historical and nomenclatural reasons. The species was named in honor of Schomburgk, and this specimen is directly associated with the collector cited in the protologue. Isolectotypes are designated at K [K 000677697, K 000677698], following Arts. 9.3 and 9.12 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018). Notes. Garcinia schomburgkiana is recognized by its habit as a small evergreen tree, monoecious or dioecious, 3–7 m tall, much-branched, with spreading branches; leaves elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 5–14 × 2.5–4 cm; petals variable in color, pale yellow, yellow, pinkish yellow, yellowish pink, pink, pinkish red, or red; fruits variable in shape, ovoid, broadly ovoid, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid, sometimes obovoid, broadly obovoid, or subglobose, 4–9 × 2.5–5 cm, unlobed; and seeds crescent-shaped or semi-ellipsoid, with white fleshy pulp. Additional specimens examined. Thailand. Northern: • Chiang Mai [Ban Pong Noi, Mueang Chiang Mai District, fl., 21 Sep 1978 (as Garcinia cf. delpyana), T. Bjørnland & T. Schumacher 366 (C); • Ban Nam Lat, Chom Thong District, fl., 20 Aug 1980 (as G. cowa), S. Saewa 300 (CMUB); • Locality unspecified, fl. & fr., 5 Sep 1915, cultivated, Winit 329 (BKF, K [K 003964629])]; • Lampang [Thung Kwian, fl., 12 Jul 1995 (as Garcinia sp.), BGO Staff 3942 (QBG)]; North-Eastern: • Bueng Kan [Kut Thing Marshland, Non Sombun Subdistrict, Mueang Bueng Kan District (Assoc. Prof. Dr Sawai Mattapha personal observation with photos)]; • Nakhon Phanom [That Phanom District, fl., 10 Feb 1924 (as Garcinia sp.), A. F. G. Kerr 8421 (BK, BM, C, K [K 003964623], P [P 05062003]); • Don Toei Subdistrict, Si Songkhram Dis