Comparative Analysis of Disease Patterns Between Mainland and Island Regions: Epidemiological, Environmental and Socioeconomic Perspectives

Geographic context plays a fundamental role in shaping disease distribution, transmission dynamics and health outcomes;however, systematic comparisons between mainland and island regions remain limited and fragmented. Existing studies oftenfocus on individual diseases, specific regions or isolated determinants such as mobility or environment, providing valuableinsights but lacking an integrated perspective that captures how geography interacts with epidemiological, socioeconomic andhealthcare factors. As a result, public health strategies are frequently developed using generalized assumptions that may notadequately reflect the distinct vulnerabilities and strengths of mainland and island populations. This paper synthesizes existingevidence to compare disease patterns between mainland and island regions, with particular emphasis on differences in diseaseburden, transmission dynamics, environmental and socioeconomic drivers and mortality profiles. By integrating findings acrossinfectious and non-communicable diseases and incorporating real-world mortality evidence, the study provides a consolidatedoverview of how geographic settings influence health risks and outcomes. Understanding these differences is important forimproving disease surveillance, preparedness and policy design. The findings highlight the need for geography-aware publichealth approaches, harmonized and spatially disaggregated health data and context-specific intervention strategies. Such anapproach can enhance the effectiveness of disease prevention efforts and support more equitable health planning across diverse geographic settings.