Comparison of Environmental Degradation Between Rural Areas and the City of Antananarivo : A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Air Pollution (2023–2024)

ABSTRACT Air pollution is a major driver of environmental degradation and a significant public health risk, particularly in the capitals of developing countries. This study aims to compare air quality between peripheral rural areas and the city of Antananarivo over the 2023–2024 period in order to identify pollution differentials and their underlying determinants. Concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, CO, VOCs, and N₂O were measured using a harmonized protocol integrating two seasons (wet and dry) and two daily time slots (10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.). The results indicate significantly higher pollution levels in the urban environment, with frequent exceedances of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, particularly for fine particulate matter. The dry season markedly amplifies urban pollutant concentrations, whereas rural areas generally exhibit lower, though non-negligible, levels. This study highlights the impact of urbanization, road traffic, and domestic combustion on environmental degradation in Antananarivo and emphasizes the need for differentiated air quality management policies. Keywords: air pollution, rural areas, urban environment, Antananarivo, PM2.5, PM10, environmental degradation.