Biomaterial scaffolds in tissue engineering: A review of natural, synthetic and hybrid polymers for regenerative constructs

Tissue engineering relies on biomaterial scaffolds, which provide a bioactive three-dimensional structure that encourages cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in order to repair injured tissues. Natural polymers (e.g., collagen, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan) have better biocompatibility and bioactivity than synthetic fossil-based polymers (e.g., PCL, PLA, and PVA), but their mechanical properties and degradation rates can be adjusted. Finally, hybrid materials, which combine polymers with bioceramics or other polymers, offer the best of both worlds. In this article, the authors go over the chemical, structural, and biological requirements for a scaffold to integrate and operate properly. Highlighting the crucial importance of material science in driving regenerative medicine towards clinically feasible and patient-specific therapeutic options, this study evaluates the benefits, limits, and particular uses of varied materials.