The Evolution of Operating System Paradigms in Distributed Computing

The evolution of distributed computing infrastructure has fundamentally transformed how concurrent processes are managed across global environments, necessitating new theoretical frameworks to understand these complex systems. This article proposes the Micro-Operating System Model (μ-OSM), a conceptual framework that views cloud-scale runtimes as distributed micro-kernels governing lightweight, communicating entities. By drawing explicit parallels between traditional operating system functions and their distributed counterparts, μ-OSM offers a cohesive theoretical foundation for understanding large-scale distributed systems. The model abstracts fundamental primitives—distributed processes, schedulers, message buses, and fault cells—to enable reasoning about global concurrency as an extension of established operating system design principles. This article examines how contemporary frameworks like cluster managers and actor systems implicitly function as "meta-operating systems," highlights the current theoretical fragmentation in the field, and demonstrates how μ-OSM facilitates meaningful comparison between disparate systems through a unified vocabulary of scheduling semantics, isolation mechanisms, and recovery protocols. Future research directions, including distributed scheduling theory, global fault domain semantics, cross-platform abstraction layers, and performance modeling, are explored.