Digital Transformation of Healthcare Services in Indonesia through the Utilization of Internet of Things Smartwatches

The digital transformation of healthcare opens up opportunities for the use of smartwatches as biomedical instruments for real-time monitoring of physiological parameters, such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, sleep, and physical activity. This potential is relevant for Indonesia, which faces the dual burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, but implementation remains limited by social, technical, and regulatory factors. This study employs a systematic literature review with an integrative synthesis approach examining seven studies (2021–2024) that discuss aspects of adoption, clinical applications, digital forensics, IoT, and interoperability. The synthesis results demonstrate that adoption is primarily determined by ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment, while cost is insignificant. Real clinical potential includes chronic disease monitoring and integration with electronic medical records, although usability remains moderate. From a security perspective, sensitive data on smartwatches is vulnerable due to limited forensic capabilities and data protection regulations. In conclusion, smartwatches promise a preventive role in healthcare, but their utilization is hampered by low digital literacy, limited clinical validation, and the absence of interoperability standards. Policy implications include the development of security regulations, interoperability standards, sensor certification, and digital literacy programs. Further research needs to test long-term clinical effectiveness and examine adoption models in vulnerable populations.