Mechanochemical reaction involving bilayer cationic MOF-occluded S-doped Mo2Ti2C3 MXene and silver hybrid bromide for enhanced oxygen reduction electrocatalysis

A quadruple hybrid electrocatalyst was prepared via a combined wet-chemical and mechanochemical route by integrating sulfur-doped Mo2Ti2C3 MXene, a novel cationic bilayer metal–organic framework (UCT-1), and a non-perovskite silver hybrid bromide (HH-1). Structural and compositional characterization (PXRD, SEM/EDX, TEM, ATR-FTIR, single-crystal XRD) confirms successful stepwise functionalization. Electrochemical evaluation toward the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media demonstrates enhanced activity via a dominant four-electron pathway and excellent stability over 10,000 s, highlighting the synergistic contribution of all components and the potential of this hybrid system as a durable ORR electrocatalyst.