The World "Shattering": What's In Store for the Geopolitical System to Come?

Civil society organisations (CSOs) are widely recognised as critical actors in preventing and countering violent extremism, yet existing scholarship has overwhelmingly focused on religious radicalisation—particularly Salafism—while neglecting right-wing ethnonationalism. This article argues that community-based prevention and de-radicalisation strategies developed in response to Salafist extremism in Bosnia and Herzegovina are not only relevant but transferable to ethnonationalist radicalisation. Drawing on social identity theory and interdisciplinary literature on radicalisation, the article analyses how group belonging, identity formation, and community legitimacy function across ideological contexts. Using Bosnia as a critical case, the study synthesises existing empirical research, policy analysis, and qualitative interview material to demonstrate that civil society-led interventions—particularly those emphasising intergroup dialogue, critical thinking, and local legitimacy—address shared underlying mechanisms of radicalisation. The article contributes to debates in terrorism studies and nationalism scholarship by reframing ethnonationalism as a form of radicalisation amenable to established CVE approaches, while highlighting the indispensable role of civil society in sustaining long-term prevention and disengagement.