Double Diabetes: Clinical Features, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Challenges Case Series of Three Patients and Literature Review

Abstract Double diabetes refers to the coexistence, in the same patient, of immunological features of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and clinical and metabolic manifestations of type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially insulin resistance. This entity, still insufficiently recognized, poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly in adults. We report a series of three cases of double diabetes in adult female patients, illustrating the clinical heterogeneity of this condition, and discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms, therapeutic challenges, and the importance of early screening in light of recent literature data.