Bismuth algebra, field and integration
Abstract
This work is a direct extension of Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18462228. : a real-analytic algebra and field on \mathbb{C}^2 generated by globally bounded, non-constant functions, together with a natural integration theory and a precise analysis of its spectral size. The construction is based on a fundamental bounded generator B(\bar z, \sigma) = \tanh(\mathrm{Re}\,\bar z) + i\,\tanh(\mathrm{Im}\,\sigma), where \bar z and \sigma are treated as independent complex variables. This choice bypasses Liouville-type collapse and forces a rich asymptotic structure at infinity. The paper develops three core components: The Bismuth Algebra and SpectrumA uniformly closed algebra of bounded real-analytic functions on \mathbb{C}^2 is constructed. Using Gelfand theory, its maximal spectrum is shown to be necessarily huge, with cardinality 2^{\mathfrak c}, reflecting genuine asymptotic separation at infinity rather than a single compactification point. Bismuth Integration and Vanishing TheoremA canonical two-form and torus integration are defined. A Bismuth–Stokes vanishing theorem is proved: integrals of globally Bismuth-analytic (bounded) functions over any Bismuth torus vanish identically. Non-zero integrals arise precisely from meromorphic obstructions, providing a residue-like mechanism intrinsic to the framework. The Global Bismuth Field and CardinalityBy assembling local fields of meromorphic germs over the maximal spectrum, a global Bismuth field is defined. Its cardinality is shown to be 2^{2^{\mathfrak c}}, not by design but as an unavoidable consequence of boundedness, asymptotic separation, and Stone–Čech–type phenomena. The work demonstrates that once globally bounded non-constant real-analytic functions are admitted, a radically different notion of infinity, spectrum, and residue theory emerges. The resulting field is structurally distinct from classical holomorphic or meromorphic frameworks and opens a new analytic setting where infinity is inherently non-collapsed. To the author’s knowledge, no larger globally defined analytic field admitting a coherent infinitesimal, differential, and integral calculus has previously been constructed
Fields of Study & Subjects
Mathematical and Theoretical Analysis
Holomorphic and Operator Theory
Analytic and geometric function theory
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Publication date
- 3 February 2026
- Document type
- Preprint