CHANGES IN THE INCIDENCE OF ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Esophageal cancer remains one of the most aggressive malignancies worldwide, with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma representing the two main histological subtypes. In the 21st century, significant epidemiological shifts have been observed. Adenocarcinoma incidence is rapidly increasing in developed countries, largely driven by obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and dietary habits, while squamous cell carcinoma remains prevalent in regions with high tobacco and alcohol consumption. This review examines the risk factors, regional differences, histological features, diagnostic approaches, and prevention strategies for both subtypes. The integration of molecular markers and endoscopic surveillance has improved early detection and personalized treatment. Understanding these trends is critical for optimizing public health policies, implementing effective prevention programs, and reducing the global burden of esophageal cancer.