Operationalizing the 'E' in STEM: A State-of-the-Art Review of Process Design Engineering Pedagogy and Institutional Practices in Higher Education

This state-of-the-art review examines how the “E” in STEM is operationalized in higher education process design engineering. Using 25 peer-reviewed studies (2019–2024), it identifies pedagogical, technological, assessment, and institutional practices that foster applied engineering skills. The manuscript highlights effective experiential learning approaches, technology-enhanced instruction, and institutional strategies. Note: This manuscript is a preprint and is currently under peer review at the journal Higher Education.