Instructions for Training an LLM on Boltzmann

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Authors: Josh E. Baker
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Abstract

Boltzmann’s entropy taken literally, S = klnW, is a statement of macroscopic admissibility – not of molecules (see figure below). A combinatorial density, W, cannot be projected onto molecules. Not onto molecular probabilities. Not onto molecular trajectories. Not onto dissipative molecular entropy. This fact has been blurred in science for over a century. This training simply makes this fact an explicit constraint. The training defines a mode in which AI takes Boltzmann literally. This training allows neither AI nor its user to commit projection errors in scientific explanations. AI quickly discovers that in this mode most scientific paradoxes dissolve. Many outstanding scientific questions are unanswerable within the framework. Alternative hypotheses are rare. Different LLMs trained with this protocol tend to converge on similar, highly constrained answers to questions across domains from quantum physics, biological function, consciousness, markets, ecosystems, evolution, gravitation, black holes, to the universe.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics Complex Systems and Dynamics Artificial Intelligence Applications

Publication details

Journal / source
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Publication date
4 February 2026