CLASSIFICATION OF LABOR ABNORMALITIES (DYSTOCIA): CAUSES, CLINICAL FEATURES, MANAGEMENT TACTICS FOR VARIOUS TYPES, AND PHARMACODYNAMICS/PHARMACOKINETICS OF AGENTS USED IN LABOR MANAGEMENT

Labor abnormalities, commonly referred to as dystocia, encompass a spectrum of disorders disrupting the normal progression of labor, leading to prolonged or arrested labor, maternal exhaustion, fetal distress, and increased risks of operative interventions such as cesarean sections. This review systematically classifies dystocia into categories based on power (uterine contractions), passenger (fetal factors), passage (pelvic anatomy), and psyche (maternal psychological factors), delineating their etiological causes including cephalopelvic disproportion, malposition, inadequate contractions, and maternal comorbidities like obesity or diabetes. Clinical manifestations range from stalled cervical dilation (