Physical Principles of Ultrasound and Artifact Recognition

Ultrasonography (US) is a fundamental, low-cost tool for both rapid diagnosis and the evaluation of a wide range of medical conditions. Its widespread use is partly due to the availability of ultrasound devices in the daily practice of physicians. US can be performed in real time and plays a crucial role in generating clinical algorithms for managing situations such as trauma. It also serves as a valuable guide for procedures like percutaneous drainage. However, the acquisition and interpretation of ultrasound images are skills that require time and training—competencies that ideally should be taught during surgical residency programs. Unfortunately, this practice remains uncommon in most training programs around the world [1]. This chapter explores the generation, propagation, and interaction of ultrasonic waves with biological tissues, providing a solid foundation for clinical application.