Catalysis in Thermal and Chemical Transformations: A Technical Review

The review examines the two main types of catalysts—homogeneous and heterogeneous—explaining their mechanisms and practical uses. It further explores catalytic mechanisms, detailing key steps such as adsorption, desorption, and the formation of intermediates on catalyst surfaces that guide reaction pathways. Catalyst applications across petrochemicals, chemical synthesis, energy production, and environmental remediation are highlighted, showing their broad importance. The review also addresses catalyst design, existing challenges, future prospects, and advanced characterization techniques, supported by real-world case studies. In conclusion, it emphasizes the transformative role of catalysts in thermal reactions and encourages continued research in this rapidly evolving field. Overall, the review portrays catalysts as essential tools that enhance efficiency and innovation in chemical processes.