The Vortex Framework V: Emergent Time, Cosmology, and the Superfluid Origin of the Speed Limit

In Parts I–IV of the Vortex Framework, spacetime geometry, gravitation, and matter were shown to emerge from a superfluid vacuum described by vortex and phonon degrees of freedom. In this work, we explore the physical interpretation and cosmological implications of that framework, focusing on the emergence of time, local Lorentzinvariance, and the origin of relativistic speed limits. Time is understood as a relational rate of phase evolution within the superfluid substrate rather than as a fundamentalcoordinate. Lorentz invariance arises as an internally co-moving symmetry of excitations coupled to the same medium, explaining the absence of a detectable vacuum restframe. Large-scale cosmological structure is interpreted as the outcome of a superfluid phase transition in the early universe. While several sections are qualitative, all interpretations are constrained by the effective field theory derived in Part IV and lead to concrete, falsifiable phenomenological consequences. The purpose of this work is to provide a coherent physical picture underlying relativistic time, causality, and cosmic evolution within an emergent-gravity framework.