EFFECTS OF WHEY POWDER PROTEINS AND CHITOSAN ON MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

This scientific article presents a theoretical and analytical overview of how whey powder proteins and chitosan may influence mitochondrial energy production in cells. The paper explains the biochemical principles of oxidative phosphorylation, including the functioning of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, the formation of the proton gradient, and ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. The potential roles of branched-chain amino acids and leucine from whey in anabolic and adaptive processes are discussed, together with the contribution of cysteine and glycine to glutathione biosynthesis, which may reduce oxidative stress and stabilize the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the article substantiates the mechanisms by which chitosan may support mitochondrial function through modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory status, limitation of membrane lipid peroxidation, and activation of antioxidant defense systems. Overall, whey powder and chitosan are considered promising nutritional factors for improving cellular energetic efficiency, supporting endurance under physical and metabolic load, and enhancing metabolic flexibility.