CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN JORDAN: TRENDS AND INSIGHTS FOR 2024–2025

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with Jordan experiencing an increasing burden due to risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and genetic predispositions. Despite advancements in healthcare infrastructure, the incidence of CVD-related hospitalizations and mortality rates continues to rise. Several factors contribute to this trend, including the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and poor management of hypertension and diabetes. This review synthesizes 21 recent studies (2024–2025) that examine the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention of CVDs in Jordan. Hypertension is identified as the most prevalent risk factor, followed closely by obesity and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome plays a significant role in cardiovascular risk, particularly among type 2 diabetes patients. Furthermore, genetic predispositions, oxidative stress, and inflammation contribute to the development and progression of CVDs. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated prevention strategies, including enhanced screening programs, lifestyle interventions, genetic risk assessments, and stricter tobacco control measures. Addressing multiple risk factors simultaneously is crucial for mitigating the growing cardiovascular burden in Jordan.