De la révolution des entérobactéries à la révolution néolithique : Comment l'espèce humaine modifie l'âge des bactéries ?

For a long time, paleopathology and microbiology have linked the emergence of human infectious diseases to the Neolithic transition, particularly to agriculture, sedentism, and animal domestication. This view was la(López-García & Moreira, 2015)rgely based on osteoarchaeological evidence showing an increase in skeletal lesions consistent with infection among early farming populations, while hunter-gatherers were often portrayed as more biologically resilient. Recent advances in bacterial genomics have significantly revised this framework. Genomic data indicate that many microorganisms associated with human disease are far older than the advent of agriculture and that pathogenicity often represents a secondary, context-dependent evolutionary state rather than an original condition. Bacterial evolution does not proceed at a constant rate, and disease emergence is closely tied to changes in human ecology, including population density, mobility, and diet. Disease should therefore be understood as a historical and social phenomenon as much as a biological one. Integrating genomic and historical data highlights differences in temporal scale that help explain the apparent mismatch between the deep evolutionary age of microbial lineages and the timing of major epidemic event